Since 2001 he has been a Fellow in the National Academy of Public Administration. Hale served as a Commissioner on the recent National Commission on the Future of the Army and is a past member of the Defense Business Board. Early in his career he served as a Navy officer. He was the Executive Director of the American Society of Military Comptrollers and held analytic and management positions at LMI government consulting and the Center for Naval Analyses. Hale also spent 12 years as head of the defense group at the Congressional Budget Office, where he frequently testified as an expert witness before Congressional committees. Hale served as the head of Air Force financial management, managing that service’s budgets and spearheading efforts to create a test-based certification program. He also made significant financial improvements in defense financial management, making tangible progress toward auditable financial statements and establishing a course-based certification program for defense financial managers. During those years he managed $600 billion budgets in time of war and oversaw efforts by the Department to minimize the problems caused by the 2013 sequestration and government shutdown. Hale served as Comptroller and Chief Financial Officer at the Department of Defense.
Hale is currently an Adjunct Senior Fellow at the Center for a New American Security and a Senior Executive Advisor at Booz Allen Hamilton. 2018 Recipient of the inaugural Andrea Durbach Award for Human Rights Scholarship - with co-investigators Prof David Spencer, Ms Mehera San Roque, and Prof Jemina Napier - for their article: “Justice is blind as long as it isn’t deaf: excluding deaf people from jury duty - an Australian human rights breach”, published in the Australian Journal of Human Rights.She was a principal author of the Recommended National Standards for Working with Interpreters in Courts and Tribunals, launched in 2017 by the Judicial Council on Cultural Diversity. She has been invited to provide expert advice on interpreting for different jurisdictions and is cited in various judges' Bench books and state protocols for working with Interpreters. Sandra has actively disseminated the results of research not only among academics, but also among practising interpreters, legal practitioners and the judiciary, which has helped to raise awareness of interpreting issues and achieve better judicial outcomes.
Other research topics addressed by her research have included the impact of working conditions on interpreting accuracy.Īll of Sandra’s research has practical applications for interpreting training and practice, as well as for policy on court interpreting. Interpreters' maintenance of strategic investigative interview techniques, including rapport building, as well as their interpretation of vulgar and emotional language have also been key areas of investigation. Using a combination of experimental and discourse analytical methods, her most recent research has focused on different aspects of police and court interpreting, including the effect of interpreter education and background, language combination, interpreter mode and interpreter presence or remoteness on interpreter performance. The results of her studies shed light on the meaning of accuracy in legal settings and have led to the development of a model of court interpreting accuracy, informed by Pragmatic theory, which is now widely used as a basis for interpreting training and as a theoretical model for PhD research. Sandra is also among the few to have conducted experimental studies in the field. Using authentic court transcripts, her early research micro-analysed the discoursal interaction between the law, the non-English speaking witnesses, and the interpreters, with particular attention to the impact of the interpreters’ renditions on the effect of strategic questions and on juror evaluations of witness testimony. Her research has not only described current interpreting practices, but also tested their effect on judicial outcomes.
Since then, her research has covered different aspects of legal interpreting, including issues of quality, accuracy, codes of ethics, role expectations, the impact of interpreters on legal proceedings, the perceptions of interpreters held by service providers and non-English speakers and the impact of working conditions on interpreter performance.Īs a pioneer in legal interpreting research, Sandra is one of the first in the world to conduct large data-based research of court interpreted proceedings, using a combination of innovative research methods that have been later adopted by other researchers. Sandra graduated with the first PhD in forensic linguistics/court interpreting in Australia in 2001.
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